of the techniques of communication and the capacity of the 
     individual’s own reaction.

     Failure in this respect has for centuries been typical and 
total for mankind. Subliminal and docile acceptance of media 
impact has made them prisons without walls for their human 
users. As A. J. Liebling remarked in his book The Press , a man is 
not free if he cannot see where he is going, even if he has a gun 
to help him get there. For each of the media is also a powerful 
weapon with which to clobber other media and other groups. 
The result is that the present age has been one of multiple civil 
wars that are not limited to the world of art and 
entertainment. In War and Human Progress , Professor J. U. Nef 
declared: “The total wars of our time have been the result of a 
series of intellectual mistakes . . .”